Unix Cmd for the DBA

 Unix Cmd for the DBA

How to kill all similar processes with single command (in this case opmn)

ps -ef | grep opmn |grep -v grep | awk ‘{print $2}’ |xargs -i kill -9 {}

Locating Files under a particular directory

find . -print |grep -i test.sql

 Using AWK in UNIX

To remove a specific column of output from a UNIX command – for example to determine the UNIX process Ids for all Oracle processes on server (second column)

ps -ef |grep -i oracle |awk '{ print $2 }'

Changing the standard prompt for Oracle Users

Edit the .profile for the oracle user

PS1="`hostname`*$ORACLE_SID:$PWD>"

 Display top 10 CPU consumers using the ps command

/usr/ucb/ps auxgw | head -11

 Show number of active Oracle dedicated connection users for a particular ORACLE_SID

ps -ef | grep $ORACLE_SID|grep -v grep|grep -v ora_|wc -l

 Display the number of CPU’s in Solaris

psrinfo -v | grep "Status of processor"|wc -l

Display the number of CPU’s in AIX

lsdev -C | grep Process|wc -l

Display RAM Memory size on Solaris

prtconf |grep -i mem

Display RAM memory size on AIX

First determine name of memory device

lsdev -C |grep mem

then assuming the name of the memory device is ‘mem0’

lsattr -El mem0

Swap space allocation and usage

Solaris : swap -s or swap -l

Aix : lsps -a

 Total number of semaphores held by all instances on server

ipcs -as | awk '{sum += $9} END {print sum}'

View allocated RAM memory segments

ipcs -pmb

Manually deallocate shared memeory segments

ipcrm -m '<ID>'

 Show mount points for a disk in AIX

lspv -l hdisk13

 Display amount of occupied space (in KB) for a file or collection of files in a directory or sub-directory

du -ks * | sort -n| tail

Display total file space in a directory

du -ks .

 Cleanup any unwanted trace files more than seven days old

find . *.trc -mtime +7 -exec rm {} \;

 Locate Oracle files that contain certain strings

find . -print | xargs grep rollback

 Locate recently created UNIX files (in the past one day)

find . -mtime -1 -print

 Finding large files on the server (more than 100MB in size)

find . -size +102400 -print

Crontab :

To submit a task every Tuesday (day 2) at 2:45PM

45 14 2 * * /opt/oracle/scripts/tr_listener.sh > /dev/null 2>&1

To submit a task to run every 15 minutes on weekdays (days 1-5)

15,30,45 * 1-5 * * /opt/oracle/scripts/tr_listener.sh > /dev/null 2>&1

To submit a task to run every hour at 15 minutes past the hour on weekends (days 6 and 0)

15 * 0,6 * * opt/oracle/scripts/tr_listener.sh > /dev/null 2>&1

UNIX Commands for DBA

This article contains a brief list of commands that most UNIX DBAs will need on a regular basis. Over time I've been adding more Linux-related entries.

• Basic File Navigation
• File Permissions
• OS User Management
• Process Management
• uname and hostname
• Error Lines in Files
• Remove Old Files
• File Exists Check
• Rotate Log Files
• Find Big Files
• Perform Action for Every File in a Directory
• Perform Action for Every Line in a File
• alias
• Remove DOS CR/LFs (^M)
• Run Commands As Oracle User From Root
• Compress Files
• General Performance
• vmstat
• free
• iostat
• CPU Usage
• sar
• mpstat
• top
• Hide Passwords
• Automatic Startup Scripts on Linux
• CRON
• Cluster Wide CRON Jobs On Tru64
• NFS Mount (Sun)
• NFS Mount (Tru64)
• Samba/CIFS Mount (Linux)
• PC XStation Configuration
• xauth (Magic Cookie)
• Useful Profile Settings
• Useful Files

Basic File Navigation

The "pwd" command displays the current directory.

root> pwd

/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0.1.0

The "ls" command lists all files and directories in the specified directory. If no location is defined it acts on the current directory.

root> ls

root> ls /u01

root> ls -al

The "-a" flag lists hidden "." files. The "-l" flag lists file details.

The "cd" command is used to change directories.

root> cd /u01/app/oracle

The "touch" command is used to create a new empty file with the default permissions.

root> touch my.log

The "rm" command is used to delete files and directories.

root> rm my.log

root> rm -R /archive

The "-R" flag tells the command to recurse through subdirectories.

The "mv" command is used to move or rename files and directories.

root> mv [from] [to]

root> mv my.log my1.log

root> mv * /archive

root> mv /archive/* .

The "." represents the current directory.

The "cp" command is used to copy files and directories.

root> cp [from] [to]

root> cp my.log my1.log

root> cp * /archive

root> cp /archive/* .

The "mkdir" command is used to create new directories.

root> mkdir archive

The "rmdir" command is used to delete directories.

root> rmdir archive

The "find" command can be used to find the location of specific files.

root> find / -name dbmspool.sql

root> find / -print | grep -i dbmspool.sql

The "/" flag represents the staring directory for the search. Wildcards such as "dbms*" can be used for the filename.

The "which" command can be used to find the location of an executable you are using.

oracle> which sqlplus

The "which" command searches your PATH setting for occurrences of the specified executable.

File Permissions

See Linux Files, Directories and Permissions.

The "umask" command can be used to read or set default file permissions for the current user.

root> umask 022

The umask value is subtracted from the default permissions (666) to give the final permission.

666 : Default permission

022 : - umask value

644 : final permission

The "chmod" command is used to alter file permissions after the file has been created.

root> chmod 777 *.log

Owner      Group      World      Permission

=========  =========  =========  ======================

7 (u+rwx)  7 (g+rwx)  7 (o+rwx)  read + write + execute

6 (u+rw)   6 (g+rw)   6 (o+rw)   read + write

5 (u+rx)   5 (g+rx)   5 (o+rx)   read + execute

4 (u+r)    4 (g+r)    4 (o+r)    read only

2 (u+w)    2 (g+w)    2 (o+w)    write only

1 (u+x)    1 (g+x)    1 (o+x)    execute only

Character eqivalents can be used in the chmod command.

root> chmod o+rwx *.log

root> chmod g+r   *.log

root> chmod -Rx   *.log

The "chown" command is used to reset the ownership of files after creation.

root> chown -R oinstall.dba *

The "-R" flag causes the command ro recurse through any subdirectories.

OS Users Management

See Linux Groups and Users.

The "useradd" command is used to add OS users.

root> useradd -G oinstall -g dba -d /usr/users/my_user -m -s /bin/ksh my_user

• The "-G" flag specifies the primary group.
• The "-g" flag specifies the secondary group.
• The "-d" flag specifies the default directory.
• The "-m" flag creates the default directory.
• The "-s" flag specifies the default shell.

The "usermod" command is used to modify the user settings after a user has been created.

root> usermod -s /bin/csh my_user

The "userdel" command is used to delete existing users.

root> userdel -r my_user

The "-r" flag removes the default directory.

The "passwd" command is used to set, or reset, the users login password.

root> passwd my_user

The "who" command can be used to list all users who have OS connections.

root> who

root> who | head -5

root> who | tail -5

root> who | grep -i ora

root> who | wc -l

• The "head -5" command restricts the output to the first 5 lines of the who command.
• The "tail -5" command restricts the output to the last 5 lines of the who command.
• The "grep -i ora" command restricts the output to lines containing "ora".
• The "wc -l" command returns the number of lines from "who", and hence the number of connected users.

Process Management

See Linux Process Management (ps, top, renice, kill).

The "ps" command lists current process information.

# ps

# ps -ef | grep -i ora

# ps -ef | grep -i ora | grep -v grep

# ps -ef | grep -i [o]ra

Specific processes can be killed by specifying the process id in the kill command.

# kill 12345

# kill -9 12345

You can kill multiple processes using a single command by combining "kill" with the "ps" and "awk" commands.

# kill -9 `ps -ef | grep ora | awk '{print $2}'`

uname and hostname

The "uname" and "hostname" commands can be used to get information about the host.

root> uname -a

OSF1 oradb01.lynx.co.uk V5.1 2650 alpha

root> uname -a | awk '{ print $2 }'

oradb01.lynx.co.uk

root> hostname

oradb01.lynx.co.uk

Error Lines in Files

You can return the error lines in a file using.

root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA-

The "grep -i ORA-" command limits the output to lines containing "ORA-". The "-i" flag makes the comparison case insensitive. A count of the error lines can be returned using the "wc" command. This normally give a word count, but the "-l" flag alteres it to give a line count.

root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA- | wc -l

Remove Old Files

The find command can be used to supply a list of files to the rm command or the "-delete" command can be used directly.

find /backup/logs/ -name daily_backup* -mtime +21 -exec rm -f {} ;

find /backup/logs/daily_backup* -mtime +5 -exec rm -f {} \;

find /backup/logs/daily_backup* -mtime +5 -delete;

File Exists Check

The Bash shell allows you to check for the presence of a file using the "[ -e filepath ]" comparison. In the following script a backup log is renamed if it is present and files older than 30 days are deleted are deleted.

#!/bin/bash

if [ -e /tmp/backup.log ]; then

  DATE_SUFFIX=`date +"%Y"-"%m"-"%d"`

  mv /tmp/backup.log /tmp/backup-$DATE_SUFFIX.log

fi

# Delete old log files.

find /tmp/backup*.log -mtime +30 -delete;

This is one example of a log rotation, where the most current log doesn't include the date in it's name.

Rotate Log Files

See the previous section for another variant on log rotation.

The following script provides an example of how to manage a log rotation using the Bash shell. The log file includes the date in the file name. Files older than 30 days are deleted.

#!/bin/bash

DATE_SUFFIX=`date +"%Y"-"%m"-"%d"`

LOG_FILE=/tmp/backup-$DATE_SUFFIX.log

# Do something that needs logging.

echo "Send this to log" >> $LOG_FILE 2>&1

# Delete old log files.

find /tmp/backup*.log -mtime +30 -delete;

Find Big Files

Find the top 20 biggest files recursively from this directory.

$ find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 du -h | sort -hr | head -20

Perform Action for Every File in a Directory

The following scripts shows two methods for performing an action for each file in a directory.

#!/bin/bash

for FILE in `ls /tmp/`; do

  # Do something with the file name.

  echo $FILE;

done

# Or this.

for FILE in $( ls /tmp/ ); do

  echo $FILE

done

Perform Action for Every Line in a File

The following scripts shows a method for performing an action for each line in a file.

#!/bin/bash

while read LINE; do

  # Do something with the line.

  echo $LINE;

done < /tmp/myfile.txt

alias

An alias is a named shortcut for a longer command using the following format.

alias name='command'

For example, if you require sudo access for a specific command, you might want to include this as an alias so you don't have to remember to type it.

alias myscript='sudo -u oracle /path/to/myscript'

Remove DOS CR/LFs (^M)

Remove DOS style CR/LF characters (^M) from UNIX files using.

sed -e 's/^M$//' filename > tempfile

The newly created tempfile should have the ^M character removed.

Where available, it is probably better to use the dos2unix and unix2dos commands.

Run Commands As Oracle User From Root

The following scripts shows how a number of commands can be run as the "oracle" user the "root" user.

#!/bin/ksh

su - oracle <<EOF

ORACLE_SID=LIN1; export ORACLE_SID

rman catalog=rman/rman@w2k1 target=/ cmdfile=my_cmdfile log=my_logfile append 

EOF

This is often necessary where CRON jobs are run from the root user rather than the oracle user.

Compress Files

See Linux Archive Tools (tar, star, gzip, bzip2, zip, cpio).

In order to save space on the filesystem you may wish to compress files such as archived redo logs. This can be using either the gzip or the compress commands. The gzipcommand results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".gz" extension. The gunzip command reverses this process.

gzip myfile

gunzip myfile.gz

The compress command results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".Z" extension. The uncompress command reverses this process.

compress myfile

uncompress myfile

General Performance

vmstat

Reports virtual memory statistics.

# vmstat 5 3

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------

 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st

 0  0      0 1060608  24372 739080    0    0  1334    63 1018 1571 14 11 66 10  0

 0  0      0 995244  24392 799656    0    0  6302   160 1221 1962 10 10 62 18  0

 0  0      0 992376  24400 799784    0    0     1    28  992 1886  3  2 95  0  0

#

See the vmstat man page.

free

Reports the current memory usage. The "-/+ buffers/cache:" line represents the true used and free memory, ignoring the Linux file system cache.

# free

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached

Mem:       8178884    4669760    3509124          0     324056    1717756

-/+ buffers/cache:    2627948    5550936

Swap:     10289148          0   10289148

#

iostat

Reports I/O statistics.

# iostat

Linux 3.2.10-3.fc16.x86_64 (maggie.localdomain)      03/19/2012     _x86_64_(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle

           2.02    0.23    0.51    0.78    0.00   96.46

Device:            tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn

sda               9.23       100.55        62.99    1796672    1125538

dm-0             13.60       100.31        62.99    1792386    1125524

dm-1              0.02         0.08         0.00       1432          0

#

CPU Usage

See Linux Process Management (ps, top, renice, kill).

sar

On Linux systems sar (System Activity Reporter) is probably one of the simplest and most versatile tools for reporting system utilization including CPU, memory, disk and network activity. It automatically collects system activity statistics when installed using the following command.

# yum install sysstat

The sar command syntax takes the following form.

# sar [options] [interval [count]]

The "options" parameters determine what is reported, which will be discussed later. The "interval" parameter indicates the time interval in seconds between samples. The "count" parameter indicates the number of samples that will be taken before the command ends. If "count" is omitted, the sampling will continue indefinitely. If both "interval" and "count" are omitted, the command will report the values from the 10 minute samples taken since the machine was last restarted.

As seen in the sar man page, there are lots of available options, but some starting points you may find interesting include:

• CPU:
  
  
• Basic CPU: sar [-u] [interval [count]]
• Load Average: sar -q [interval [count]]
• Memory:
  
  
• Kernel Paging: sar -B [interval [count]]
• Unused Memory: sar -r [interval [count]]
• Swap Space: sar -S [interval [count]]
• Disk:
  
  
• Average Disk I/O: sar -b [interval [count]]
• Disk I/O: sar -dp [interval [count]]
• Network:
  
  
• Network: sar -n DEV [interval [count]]
• Network Errors: sar -n EDEV [interval [count]]

Here is an example of the output from a CPU report.

# sar -u 1 5

Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain)      06/27/2011

03:10:07 PM     CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle

03:10:08 PM     all      0.00      1.01     23.23     75.76      0.00      0.00

03:10:09 PM     all      0.00      1.02     35.71     63.27      0.00      0.00

03:10:10 PM     all      0.98      3.92     35.29     59.80      0.00      0.00

03:10:11 PM     all      0.00      1.03     29.90     69.07      0.00      0.00

03:10:12 PM     all      0.00      2.00     35.00     63.00      0.00      0.00

Average:        all      0.20      1.81     31.85     66.13      0.00      0.00

#

mpstat

Reports processor related statistics.

# mpstat 10 2

Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain)      06/27/2011

01:59:57 PM  CPU   %user   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal   %idle    intr/s

02:00:07 PM  all    1.21    0.00    0.90    0.20    0.00    0.00    0.00   97.69    980.50

02:00:17 PM  all    0.70    0.00    0.40    0.00    0.00    0.10    0.00   98.79    973.77

Average:     all    0.95    0.00    0.65    0.10    0.00    0.05    0.00   98.24    977.14

#

See the mpstat man page.

top

Displays top tasks.

# top

top - 13:58:17 up 2 min,  1 user,  load average: 2.54, 1.11, 0.41

Tasks: 160 total,   6 running, 154 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie

Cpu(s): 77.1%us, 22.6%sy,  0.0%ni,  0.0%id,  0.0%wa,  0.3%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st

Mem:   2058872k total,   879072k used,  1179800k free,    23580k buffers

Swap:  4095992k total,        0k used,  4095992k free,   620116k cached

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND

 2882 oracle    20   0  610m  64m  56m R 24.9  3.2   0:02.20 oracle

 2927 root      20   0 90328 3832 2604 R 24.6  0.2   0:00.89 Xorg

 2931 oracle    20   0  605m  34m  31m R 11.5  1.7   0:00.35 oracle

 2933 oracle    20   0  605m  34m  30m S  9.8  1.7   0:00.30 oracle

 2888 oracle    20   0  614m  52m  40m S  6.9  2.6   0:00.78 oracle

 2935 oracle    20   0  604m  22m  20m S  6.2  1.1   0:00.19 oracle

 2937 oracle    20   0  604m  19m  17m R  4.6  1.0   0:00.14 oracle

 2688 oracle    -2   0  603m  15m  13m S  4.3  0.8   0:01.08 oracle

 2685 oracle    20   0  603m  15m  13m S  0.7  0.8   0:00.22 oracle

 2939 oracle    20   0  217m 4084 3504 R  0.7  0.2   0:00.02 oracle

 2698 oracle    20   0  604m  18m  16m S  0.3  0.9   0:00.17 oracle

 2702 oracle    20   0  609m  22m  14m S  0.3  1.1   0:00.17 oracle

 2704 oracle    20   0  618m  21m  19m S  0.3  1.1   0:00.21 oracle

 2714 oracle    20   0  603m  20m  18m S  0.3  1.0   0:00.18 oracle

    1 root      20   0 10364  704  588 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.36 init

    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd

    3 root      RT   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 migration/0

    4 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0

    5 root      RT   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 watchdog/0

    6 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.03 events/0

    7 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cpuset

    8 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper

    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns

#

The PID column can then be matched with the SPID column on the V$PROCESS view to provide more information on the process.

SELECT a.username, 

       a.osuser, 

       a.program, 

       spid, 

       sid, 

       a.serial#

FROM   v$session a,

       v$process b

WHERE  a.paddr = b.addr

AND    spid = '&pid';

See the top man page.

Hide Passwords

You may be required to use passwords in scripts calling Oracle tools, like SQL*Plus, Export/Import and RMAN etc. One method to remove the credentials from the script itself is to create a credentials file to hold them. In this case I'm using "/home/oracle/.scottcred", which contains the following.

scott/tiger

Change the permissions to make sure the file is only visible to the owner.

$ chmod 600 /home/oracle/.scottcred

Now replace references to the credentials with the contents of the file.

$ expdp < /home/oracle/.scottcred schemas=SCOTT directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=SCOTT.dmp logfile=expdpSCOTT.log

Alternatively, consider using one of the following:

• Secure External Password Store
• OS Authentication

Automatic Startup Scripts on Linux

CRON

See CRON : Scheduling Tasks on Linux.

There are two methods of editing the crontab file. First you can use the "crontab -l > filename" option to list the contents and pipe this to a file. Once you've editied the file you can then apply it using the "crontab filename".

• Login as root
• crontab -l > newcron
• Edit newcron file.
• crontab newcron

Alternatively you can use the "crontab -e" option to edit the crontab file directly.

The entries have the following elements.

field          allowed values

-----          --------------

minute         0-59

hour           0-23

day of month   1-31

month          1-12

day of week    0-7 (both 0 and 7 are Sunday)

user           Valid OS user

command        Valid command or script.

The first 5 fields can be specified using the following rules.

*       - All available values or "first-last".

3-4     - A single range representing each possible from the start to the end of the range inclusive.

1,2,5,6 - A specific list of values.

1-3,5-8 - A specific list of ranges.

0-23/2  - Every other value in the specified range.

The following entry runs a cleanup script a 01:00 each Sunday. Any output or errors from the script are piped to /dev/null to prevent a buildup of mails to root.

0 1 * * 0 /u01/app/oracle/dba/weekly_cleanup > /dev/null 2>&1

Cluster Wide CRON Jobs On Tru64

On clustered systems cron is node-specific. If you need a job to fire once per cluster, rather than once per node you need an alternative approach to the standard cron job. One approach is put forward in the HP best practices document (Using cron in a TruCluster Server Cluster), but in my opinion a more elegant solution is proposed by Jason Orendorf of HP Tru64 Unix Enterprise Team (TruCluster Clustercron).

In his solution Jason creates a file called /bin/cronrun with the following contents.

#!/bin/ksh

set -- $(/usr/sbin/cfsmgr -F raw /)

shift 12

[[ "$1" = "$(/bin/hostname -s)" ]] && exit 0

exit 1

This script returns TRUE (0) only on the node which is the CFS serving cluster_root.

All cluster wide jobs should have a crontab entry on each node of the cluster like.

5 * * * /bin/cronrun && /usr/local/bin/myjob

Although the cron jobs fire on all nodes, the "/bin/cronrun &&" part of the entry prevents the script from running on all nodes except the current CFS serving cluster_root.

NFS Mount (Sun)

The following deamons must be running for the share to be seen by a PC.

• /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a
• /usr/lib/nfs/mountd
• /opt/SUNWpcnfs/sbin/rpc.pcnfsd

To see a list of the nfs mounted drives already present type.

exportfs

First the mount point must be shared so it can be seen by remote machines.

share -F nfs -o ro /cdrom

Next the share can be mounted on a remote machine by root using.

mkdir /cdrom#1

mount -o ro myhost:/cdrom /cdrom#1

NFS Mount (Tru64)

On the server machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.

• Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS
• Select the "Configure system as an NFS server" option.
• Accept all defaults.

Create mount point directory.

mkdir /u04/backup

Append the following entry to the "/etc/exports" file.

/u04/backup

Make sure the correct permissions are granted on the directory.

chmod -R 777 /u04/backup

On the client machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.

• Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS
• Select the "Configure system as an NFS client" option.
• Accept all defaults.

Create mount point directory.

mkdir /backup

Append an following entry to the "/etc/fstab" file.

nfs-server-name:/u04/backup     /backup         nfs rw,bg,intr 0 0

Finally, mount the fileset.

mount /backup

At this point you can start to use the mount point from your client machine. Thanks to Bryan Mills for his help with Tru64.

Samba/CIFS Mount (Linux)

See Linux Samba Configuration.

Create a directory to use for the mount point.

# mkdir /host

Add the following line to the "/etc/fstab" file.

//192.168.0.4/public   /host                  cifs    rw,credentials=/root/.smbcred,uid=500,guid=500 0 0

Create a file called "/root/.smbcred" with the following contents.

username=myuser

password=mypassword

Change the permissions on the credentials file.

# chmod 600 /root/.smbcred

Mount the share.

# mount /host

PC XStation Configuration

Download the CygWin setup.exe from http://www.cygwin.com.

Install, making sure to select all the X11R6 (or XFree86 in older versions) optional packages.

If you need root access add the following entry into the /etc/securettys file on each server.

<client-name>:0

From the command promot on the PC do the following.

set PATH=PATH;c:cygwinbin;c:cygwinusrX11R6bin

XWin.exe :0 -query <server-name>

The X environment should start in a new window.

Many Linux distributions do not start XDMCP by default. To allow XDMCP access from Cygwin edit the "/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf" file. Under the "[xdmcp]" section set "Enable=true".

If you are starting any X applications during the session you will need to set the DISPLAY environment variable. Remember, you are acting as an XStation, not the server itself, so this variable must be set as follows.

DISPLAY=<client-name>:0.0; export DISPLAY

xauth (Magic Cookie)

Access to X servers can get broken when using su and sudo commands. The xauth command provides a solution to this. The process involves the following stages:

• Check your current display number.
• Use xauth list to get a list of magic cookies.
• Switch to the new user.
• Use xauth add to set the magic cookie for your display number.

An example of this is shown below.

$ echo $DISPLAY

localhost:12.0

$ xauth list

ol6.localdomain/unix:12  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  be64852468ca3c334720b10bb3c4d3cb

$ sudo su oracle

$ xauth add ol6.localdomain/unix:12  MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1  be64852468ca3c334720b10bb3c4d3cb

You will now be able to access the X server, just as you could before the user switch.

Useful Profile Settings

See Linux Groups and Users : Important Files.

The following ".profile" settings rely on the default shell for the user being set to the Korn shell (/bin/ksh).

The backspace key can be configured by adding the following entry.

stty erase "^H"

The command line history can be accessed using the [Esc][k] by adding the following entry.

set -o vi

Auto completion of paths using a double strike of the [Esc] key can be configured by adding the following entry.

set filec

Useful Files

Here are some files that may be of use.

Path	Contents
/etc/passwd	User settings
/etc/group	Group settings for users.
/etc/hosts	Hostname lookup information.
/etc/system	Kernel parameters for Solaris.
/etc/sysconfigtab	Kernel parameters for Tru64.
/etc/sysctl.conf	Kernel parameters for Linux.

Common Unix Commands:

Sysinfo	Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc
Memory and Swap	Information regarding the physical memory and swap area
Disks, Filesystems and Devices	Displaying disk information, filesystems
Networking	Display and configuring network parameters
Crash Dump	Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities
Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics	List, Monitor and trace processes
Kernel Modules and Parameters	Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters
Services	Display, start and stop services
Patching / Packages	Installing and removing patches and software packages
Accounts	Setting up and removing user accounts
NFS	Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc
NTP	Network Time Protocol
Log Files	Location to common log files
Security	Security information
Misc	Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc

sysinfo

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP-UX	AIX
Server Release info	cat /etc/release	cat /etc/enterprise-release cat /etc/redhat-release lsb_release -acat /proc/version	cat /etc/lsb-release lsb_release -a	/stand/kernrel	oslevel -r	Server Release info
Server type	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v	dmidecode	dmidecode	model uname -a	prtconf | grep -i 'System Model'	Server type
Hardware Info	prtdiag -v prtconf -D prtpicl -v [-c <class>] picl = platform information and control library	lspci lsusb lshal Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer	lspci lsusb lshal	ioscan ioscan -fun [disk|tape|lan] /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	lscfg -v lscfg -l ent0 lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter) lsdev lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 lsslot -c [pci|phb|port] lsslot -c pci -l ent0 lspath -l hdisk0 diag	Hardware Info
Operating System	uname -a	uname -a	uname -a	uname -a	oslevel [-r|-s]	Operating System
Memory	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf | grep -i mem	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo	dmesg | grep -i physical /usr/sam/lbin/getmem /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf -m prtconf |grep -i memory lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem bootinfo -r	Memory
CPU (type, number, etc)	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v ## display,offline,online psrinfo psradm -f 0 (offline) psradm -n 0 (online)	cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)	cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)	/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest sam -> performance monitors -> system properties cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf |grep -i processor	CPU (type, number, etc)
Disk Drives	format prtvtoc <device> format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe -s <device> smartctl -a <device>	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>	ioscan -funC disk	lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller) lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined, stopped) lscfg -v -l hdisk0	Disk Drives
Kernel File and associated directories	/kernel/genunix /platform/`uname -m`/kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel /kernel /usr/kernel	/boot/initrd.?????.img /boot/vmlinuz	/boot/initrd.img-?????-server /boot/vmlinuz-????-server	/stand/vmunix	/unix /usr/lib/boot /usr/lib/drivers Note: /unix - symbolic link to kernel file i.e /usr/lib/boot/unix_64	Kernel File
Kernel 32 or 64	isainfo -kv (solaris 9+) isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first) isainfo -b	uname -a uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit' cat /proc/version	uname -a uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'	getconf KERNEL_BITS ( version 11) /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'os mode' HPUX < version 11 all 32 bit Note: determine if system supports 64 bit getconf HW_CPU_SUPP_BITS /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'hw capability'	prtconf -k bootinfo -K	Kernel 32 or 64
Display Firmware	At the OK prompt type banner	boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)	boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)	workstations: reboot enter PDC type: IN (information menu) type: FV (Firmware Version)	prtconf |grep -i firmware lscfg -pv invscout	Display Firmware
Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA	n/a	/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma	/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma	n/a	prtconf	Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA
GUI admin tool	admintool	linuxconf	linuxconf	sam	smit smitty	GUI admin tool

Memory and Swap

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Memory	/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf | grep -i mem	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om	cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om	dmesg | grep -i physical /usr/sam/lbin/getmem /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info	prtconf -m prtconf |grep -i memory lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem bootinfo -r	Memory
page size (memory)	/usr/bin/pagesize	/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size'	/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size'	dmesg |grep -i physical	pagesize pagesize -a (display all supported pagesizes)	page size (memory)
display swap	swap -l swap -s	cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s	cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s	swapinfo (displayed in KB) swapinfo -m (display in Mb) swapinfo -tm (total / Mb)	lsps -a (detailed) lsps -s	display swap
adding swap	mkfile 5m /var/swapfile swap -a /var/swapfile update /etc/vfstab	device: create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab	device: create partition with fdisk (type 82) file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab	Create logical volume or filesystem swapon <device> | -f <logical device> swapon -p 3 <device> | -f <logical device> update /etc/fstab Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswapdevtunable system parameter controls the maximum number of swap devices.	mkps -a -s 4 -n <volume group> # change the attributes chps -a n paging00 (don't use after restart) # change the logical volume attributes (name in this case) chlv -n <new name> <old old> (chang page space name) Note: -a reconfigure paging space after restart -s size of the page space (logical partitions) -n activiates the paging space (use swapoff to deactivate) also see /etc/swapspaces file	adding swap
removing swap	update /etc/vfstab swap -d	swapoff <device>|<file> Remove device or file as normal	swapoff <device>|<file> Remove device or file as normal	remove entry from /etc/fstab reboot	swapoff /dev/paging00 rmps paging00 Note: paging space must be deactiviated before removing	removing swap

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Disk Drives	format prtvtoc <device> cfgadm -al fcinfo hba-port luxadm probe mpathadm list initiator-port mpathadm show <initiator-port name> iscsiadm list initiator-node iscsiadm list discovery format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device> udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sda1 blkid dmsetup [ls|info]	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>	ioscan -funC disk	lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller) lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined,stopped) lscfg -v -l hdisk0	Disk Drives
Disk serial Number, type, etc	format iostat -En luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays)	hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi	hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi	diskinfo -v /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 (detailed but no serial number) /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest (no serial number) ## Insure that the online diagnostic support tools have been installed swlist -l bundle | grep 'Support Tools' ## Command-Line Support Tools Manager (cstm) ## The run cstm cstm cstm> map cstm> sel dev 4       (select the disk of you choice) cstm> info cstm> il                  (obtain the serial number) cstm> quit	lscfg -vl hdisk0 lscfg -vl hdisk*	Disk serial Number, type, etc
Disk disk partitions	prtvtoc <device> cat /etc/vfstab	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab	fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab	lvlnboot -v /dev/vg00 lifls -Clv <device> # Display the LIF contents lifcp /dev/dsk/c0t6d0:AUTO - cat /etc/fstab Note: Boot programs are stored in the boot area in Logical Interchange Format (LIF), which is similar to a file system. For a device to be bootable, the LIF volume on that device must contain at least the ISL (the initial system loader) and HPUX (the HP-UX bootstrap utility) LIF files. ISL is like GRUB.	lsvg -l rootvg lchangelv cat /etc/filesystems	Disk disk partitions
List Raw Partitions	use format to partition the disk then just use the slice as a raw partition, remember to use the character device	## Old way /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices service rawdevices start chkconfig rawdevices on ## New way, Edit below file /etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules udevinfo -d or udevadm info ## Display raw partitions raw -qa	mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0 mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1 mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2 ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl ## map raw devices to the disk raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1 ## display raw devices raw -qa	Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem - that's it.	Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem # create a raw volume mklv -y rawVolume vg01 10	List Raw Partitions
Bad Blocks	format (use analyse )	badblocks	badblocks	dd if=/dev/rdsk/cXtYd0 of=/dev/null bs=1024K Note: no errors means disk is good	chlv -b [y|n] <lv> Note: enables bad block relocation
Filesystem commands	df -k df -h	df -k df -h	df -k df -h	bdf df [-egiklnvfb]	df -k lsfs [<filesystem>] lsfs -q <filesystem> (detailed)	Filesystem commands
Filesystem (create|remove)	newfs -v <raw device> # Display how the filesystem was created newfs -Nv <filesystem>	mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 # all point to mke2fs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 cat /etc/mke2fs.conf	mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1	newfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1 mkfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1 Note: mkfs and newfs are a pointer to /sbin/fs_wrapper	crfs -v jfs2 -d data02lv -m /data02 -A yes -v filesystem type -d device or logical volume -m mountpoint -A mount after restart [yes|no] rmfs -ri /data02 -r remove the mountpoint -i display warning before removing chfs -a size=+1G /var (grow by additional 1GB) chfs -a size=1G /var (grow to 1GB in size)	Filesystem (create|remove|resize)
Tune Filesystems	tunefs fstyp -v <device> |grep -i minfree	tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1	tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1	tunefs -v <filesystem> vxtunefs -v <filesystem> fstyp -v <filesystem> # Disk fragmentation fsadm -F vxfs -E / (report) fsadm -F vxfs -e / (defrag)	chfs Note: you can perform the following resize freeze change mountpoint permissions lots more..............................	Tune Filesystems
Force fsck	# Check to see filesystem needs checking fstyp -v <filesystem> | grep fsclean	touch /forcefsck shutdown -Fr now fsck.mode=force (kernel parameter) tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'	touch /forcefsck shutdown -r now tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state' # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes	# Look at the second line to see if a filesystem # needs checking tunefs -v <filesystem>	n/a	Force fsck
backup filesystem	ufsdump|ufsrestore tar dd cpio	dump/restore tar dd cpio	dump/restore tar dd cpio	fbackup/frecover dump/restore ftio tar dd cpio	backup|restore tar dd cpio	backup filesystem
Display the boot device	eeprom |grep boot-device prtconf -pv |grep bootpath prtpicl -v|grep ':bootpath'	cat /boot/grub/grub.conf cat /etc/lilo.conf grub = grand unified boot loader lilo = linux loader	cat /boot/grub/menu.lst	setboot	bootinfo -b (display last boot device) bootlist -m [normal|service] -o (display bootable devices)	Display the boot device
Setting the boot device	setenv boot-device [<device>|<alias>] eeprom boot-device [<device>|<alias>]	/boot/grub/grub.conf /etc/lilo.conf	/boot/grub/menu.lst	setboot -p <primary path> setboot -a <alternate path> # autoboot sequnce setboot -b [on|off]	bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1	Setting the boot device
Creating boot device (MBR)	installboot /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk <raw-device>	grub-install <raw-device> lilo -v	grub-install <raw-device>	mkboot -l <device> Note: we are treating the disk as a LVM device	bosboot -a (uses default device) bosboot -ad hdisk1	Creating boot device (MBR)
Format floppy drive	fdformat -v -U volcheck -v newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0	floppy --probe (use device obtained below ) floppy --createrc > /etc/fd0 floppy --format /dev/fd0 mkfs /dev/fd0	n/a	n/a	format -d /dev/rfd0 format -d /dev/fd0.18 (high format)	Format floppy drive
mount/unmount floppy	volrmmount -l floppy0 eject floppy	mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy umount /mnt/floppy	n/a	n/a	mount /dev/rfd0 /floppy	mount/unmount floppy
mount/unmount CDROM	mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path> /cdrom/cdrom0 umount /cdrom/cdrom0 /etc/init.d/volmgr start eject cdrom	mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom	mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom	mount -rF cdfs /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 /cdrom start: /usr/sbin/pps_mountd pps_mount	mount -v cdrfs -r /dev/cd0 /cdrom umount /cdrom	mount/unmount CDROM
mount/umount ISO image	lofiadm -a <iso image> /dev/lofi/1 mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt # to list lofiadm
remount a filesystem	n/a	mount -o remount,rw /	mount -o remount,rw /	mount_vxfs -o remount,ro <filesystem>	mount -o remount,rw <filesystem> Note:I did find a note that it should be possible to remount a jfs2 filesystem, but it did not work on my system	remount a filesystem
create boot disk or recovery tape	n/a	mkbootdisk `uname -r` (boot diskette)	n/a	recovery tape (preview) make_tape_recovery -v -l -x inc_entire=vg00 /opt/ignite/bin/make_recovery -ACv	mksysb	create boot disk or recovery tape
boot cdrom/diskette (single user)	ok> boot cdrom -s	using the grub window append the word singleto the kernel line	using the grub window append the word singleto the kernel line	enter PDC > search >boot p1 (cdrom) interact with IPL? Y ISL> hpux -is	based on a 9114-275 workstation Restart the machine. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices begin to initialize here. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console. Choose “default boot list ” when the maintenance screen comes up.	boot cdrom/diskette (single user)
boot into maintenace mode	ok> boot -as	f10 or f12	f10 or f12	>boot pri interact with IPL? Y ISL> hpux -lm	based on a 9114-275 workstation Restart the machine. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices begin to initialize here. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console. Choose “select boot options ” when the maintenance screen comes up, then option 1, then option 1 for scsi, then option 3 service mode boot	boot into maintenace mode
Device paths	floppy:disk: /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 tape: /dev/rmt/0ucb cdrom: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /dev/scd0 (external usb cd)	floppy: /dev/fd0 disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)	floppy: /dev/fd0 disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)	floppy: n/a disk: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0 tape: /dev/dsk/rmt/0 cdrom: /dev/dsk/c1t6d0	floppy: /dev/fd0 /dev/rfd0 disk: /dev/hdisk0 tape: cdrom: /dev/cd0	Device paths
update /dev directory	drvconfig devlinks disks|tapes|ports devfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10)	/dev/MAKEDEV <device>	/dev/MAKEDEV <device>	insf -C tape (Class) insf -H 0.1.0 -e (recreate deleted link)	cfgmgr cfgmgr -l scsi0 mkdev	update /dev directory
remove or change a device	rem_drv			# remove all devices from a hardward path rmsf -k -H 52.6.0	rmdev rmdev -l cd0 chdev chdev -l rmt0 -a ret=no	remove or change a device
list device drivers	prtconf -D sysdef	cat /proc/devices	cat /proc/devices	lsdev	lsdev lsdev -Cc disk lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 lsslot -c pci -l ent0 lscfg lscfg -l ent0 lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter) lspath -l hdisk0 getconf DISK_SIZE hdisk1 (detailed)	list device drivers

Networking

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Basic network information   (hostname, ip address)	/etc/hostname.hme0	/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0	/etc/network/interfaces	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	stores information in the ODM (Object Database Manager)	Basic network information   (hostname, ip address)
displaying network interfaces	prtdiag -v ifconfig -a kstat hme:0:parameters:<param name> kstat e1000g:0:parameters:<param name> module:instance:name:statistics # Solaris 11 netadm list dladm show-phys dladm show-link dladm show-linkprop dladm show-vnic dladm show-etherstub ipadm show-if ipadm show-ifprop ipadm show-addr ipadm show-addrprop	ifconfig system-config-network (GUI)	ifconfig	ioscan -funC lan (list hardware) lanscan -v (list configured) ifconfig lan0 (individual)	ifconfig -a entstat -d <interface> lsdev -Cc if lsdev -Cc tcpip odmget -q "name=en0" CuAt lsattr -EHl en0	displaying network interfaces
Configure network interface	ifconfig # Solaris 11 - Automatic (using profiles) netadm enable -p ncp Automatic netcfg       (use by Automatic) # Solaris 11 - Manual netadm enable -p ncp DefaultFixed netcfg dladm create-vnic dladm delete-vnic dladm rename-link dladm create-etherstub ipadm create-ip net1 ipadm create-addr -T static -a 192.168.0.110/24 net1/pfv ipadm delete-ip ipadm delete-addr	ifconfig	ifconfig	ifconfig <interface>	mktcpip (completely setup a network interface) rmtcpip (remove all network interfaces) # configure an interface mktcpip -h aix1 -a 192.168.1.200 -m 255.255.255.0 -i en1 -g 192.168.0.10 -h - hostname assigned to interface -a - ip address -m - netmask -i - interface name -g - gateway ip address # remove an interface ifconfig en1 detach ifconfig (configures IP address) chdev (add aliases to network interface)	Configure network interface
Starting and stopping a network interface	ifconfig qfe0 up ifconfig qfe0 down	/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0	/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0	ifconfig lan0 up ifconfig lan0 down note: there is no "ifconfig -a" in hpux use lanscan then "ifconfig <interface>"	ifconfig en0 up ifconfig en0 down ifconfig en0 detach (remove)	Starting and stopping a network interface
Setting NIC speed	ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> (dynamically) /etc/system (edit and update then reboot - permanent)	mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0 ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full	ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full	ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> lanadmin -X <option> lan0	chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=1000_Full_Duplex -P chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=Auto_Negotiation -P Note: entX - physical device enX - frame type run on entX	Setting NIC speed
Change NIC parameters	ndd -get <device> <parm> # List parameters ndd -get /dev/hme \? ndd -get /dev/e1000g0 \? ndd -get /dev/ip \? ndd -get /dev/tcp \?	mii-tool -v ethtool eth1 ethtool -t eth0 online sysctl -a | grep net*	ethtool eth0 sysctl -a |grep net*	lanadmin -> lan -> display ## options supported ndd -get /dev/ip ? ndd -get /dev/tcp ? ndd -get /dev/arp ? ndd -get /dev/udp ?	netstat -v entstat -d <interface> no -a no -o "ipforwarding=1"	NIC speeds or Parameters
Display NIC statistics				netstat -i [-I interface] netstat -s	netstat -i [-f inet] netstat -s entstat -d <interface>	Display network statistics
display MAC address	ifconfig -a (as user root)	ifconfig system-config-network (GUI)	ifconfig	lanscan	netstat -ia	display MAC address
Displaying network packets	snoop -d <interface>	tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed)	tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed)	nettl -start nettl -status all nettl -tn pduin pduout -e ns_ls_driver -file /var/adm/LAN nettl -stop use netfmt to display the trace file	tcpdump -i <interface> iptrace -i <interface> <output file> ipreport (used with iptrace to view reports) Note: you must stop the iptrace by using "kill -15"	Displaying network packets
default router	/etc/defaultrouter route add default <gateway> route -p add default <gateway> (persist changes)	edit /etc/sysconfig/network add: GATEWAY=<IP address>	edit /etc/network/interfaces add: gateway <IP address>	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	route add 0 <gateway IP address> Note: there is no file that holds the default router	default router
display routing table	netstat -rn	netstat -rn route -n	netstat -rn route -n	netstat -rn	netstat -rn netstat -r -f inet lsattr -EHl inet0 -a route	display routing table
Test IPMP, Bonding	if_mpadm -d           (detach) if_mpadm -r           (reattach) tail /var/adm/messages	ifenslave -d bond0 eth1   (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1       (reattach) cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 # create bonding /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0 # modprobe /etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf # for bonding options - use BONDING_OPTS /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0 # see bonding mode cat /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode	ifenslave -d bond0 eth1   (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1       (reattach) cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0	You buy an optional product called Auto-Port Aggragation.	smitty etherchannel (creates, deletes and tests) entstat -d ent0	Test IPMP, Bonding
change the hostname	change the following files: /etc/nodename /etc/hostname.<interface> /etc/inet/hosts /etc/inet/ipnodes /etc/net - few files in here as well # Solaris 11 svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop config/nodename svcfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/nodename = astring: hostname svcadm refresh system/identity:node svcadm restart indentity:node	/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname	/etc/hostname /etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname	set_parms hostname (requires reboot)	hostname <new hostname> chdev -l inet0 -a hostname=<hostname>	change the hostname
setup DNS	/etc/resolv.conf # Solaris 11 - You need to use the svccfg command svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/nameserver svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/search svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/host svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/password svcprop <pattern> Note: just use listprop on its own to view all options svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop "config/nameserver = net_address: (192.168.0.1)" svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop 'config/domain = astring: ("datadisk.co.uk")' svccfg -s "name-service/switch" setprop 'config/host = astring: "file dns"' svcadm refresh name-service/switch svcadm refresh dns/client	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	/etc/resolv.conf	setup DNS
Name service switch file (DNS client)	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf # Solaris 11 - you need to use the svccfg command see above	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/netsvc.conf /etc/resolv.conf /etc/irs.conf (may not be there) chnamsv     (change name service) rmnamsv     (remove a name service) lsnamsv -C   (list name services)	Name service switch file (DNS client)
Flush DNS cache	svcadm restart system/name-service-cache:default	## if installed service nscd restart		n/a	netcdctrl -t dns -e hosts -f	Flush DNS cache
Domain Name	/etc/defaultdomain	/etc/sysconfig/network  (HOSTNAME option) /etc/resolv.conf Note: for NIS use the NISDOMAIN option	/etc/host /etc/resolv.conf	/etc/rc.config.d/netconf	domainname <domainname>	Domain Name
Obtain IP Address routing	route -n get <hostname> traceroute	ip route get <IP address> traceroute	ip route get <IP address> traceroute	n/a	route -n get <hostname>	Obtain IP Address routing
Find Services on the network	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1	Find Services on the network

Crash Dump

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Crash Dump	dumpadm -d <device> coreadm crash (used to analyse crash dumps) adb (used to analyse crash dumps)	diskdump netdump kdump (part of kexec rpm) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger crash (used to analyse crash dumps)	diskdump netdump kdump (part of kexec rpm) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger crash (used to analyse crash dumps)	edit /stand/system add either: dump 2/0/1.5.0 dump lvol dump none # crash config file /etc/rc.config.d/savecrash	sysdumpdev -l (list dump destination) sysdumpdev -e (estimates dumpsize) sysdumpdev -L (info) sysdumpstart -p (start dump primary) sysdumpstart -s (start dump secondary) # set the dump device permanently sysdumpdev -p <dump device> -P # analyse dump file echo "stat\n status\n t -m" | crash /var/adm/ras/vmcore.0	Crash Dump

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
CPU	top (sunfreeware) prstat sar mpstat w          (load average) uptime   (load average) ps vmstat	top sar mpstat w          (load average) uptime   (load average) ps vmstat procinfo oprofile cat /proc/cpuinfo	top sar mpstat w          (load average) uptime   (load average) ps vmstat procinfo cat /proc/cpuinfo	top sar w          (load average) uptime   (load average) ps vmstat glance sam	topas -P topas -L  (logical partitions) mpstat sar -c w          (load average) uptime   (load average) lparstat ps iostat -tT 1 tprof curt	CPU
Memory	prstat vmstat top sar	free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo	free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo	top vmstat sar sam glance	topas vmstat sar -b svmon ps ipcs -a lockstat (version 4) rmss	Memory
Network	ndd netstat lsof snoop route	ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf nmap	ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf	netstat lanadmin sam glance	[ent|tok|fddi|atm]stat netstat netpmon (trcstop to stop trace)	Network I/O
Disk	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	sar -d iostat vmstat lsof	iostat sar sam glance	topas -D   (disk) topas -F   (filesystem) iostat sar -D fcstat (fibre) lvmstat filemon (trcstop to stop) fileplace # disk stat history chdev -l sys0 -a iostat=true lsattr -HEl sys0 -a iostat	Disk I/O
Application	truss -p <pid> ppriv -D -e <command>	strace -p <pid>	strace -p <pid>	download and install tusctusc -p <pid>	topas truss sar probevue tprof svmon -P <pid>	Application
NFS	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	NFS
Process	top prstat ps -ef pargs <pid> pcred <pid> pfiles <pid> pflags <pid> pgrep <pattern> pkill <pattern> pmap <pid> pldd <pid> preap <pid> prun <pid> psig <pid> pstack <pid> pstop <pid> ptime <pid> ptree <pid> pwait <pid> pwdx<pid>

Kernel Modules and Parameters

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display loaded modules	modinfo	cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmod modinfo <module> Location: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.d	cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmodLocation: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.d/options /etc/modprobe.d	kmadmin -k	genkex	display loaded modules
load modules	modload -p drv/<module name>	modprobe <module> insmod	modprobe <module> insmod	kmadmin -L <module name>	n/a	load modules
unload modules	modunload -i <module number>	modprobe -r <module> rmmod	modprobe -r <module> rmmod	kmadmin -U <module name> kmadmin -u <module id>	n/a	unload modules
set kernel parameters (tuning)	/etc/system (edit and reboot)	/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename>sysctl -w param=value No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc.............................................	/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename>sysctl -w param=value No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc.............................................	kcweb (11i) kctune (11i only) rebuild kernel (< 11i see below)	chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value> no -a          (network) vmo -a        (virtual memory) nfso -a        (NFS) ioo -a         (Input/Ouput) raso -a        (reliability, availability, serviceability) schedo -a   (processor scheduler) vi /etc/security/limits cd /etc/tunables tunchange, tundefault, tunsave, tunrestore, tuncheck Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example memory segments are dynamically adjusted	set kernel parameters
display kernel parameters	cat /etc/system sysdef -i	sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc...................................	sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc...................................	kctune (11i only) sysdef kmtune kmsystem /usr/sam/lbin/getkinfo -f /stand/vmunix -o /tmp/kernel.data	lsattr -EHl sys0 Note: only a few kernel parameters can be changed	display kernel parameters
build kernel	edit and update file then reboot: /etc/system	cd /usr/src/linux-2.5 edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION) make mrproper backup .config make xconfig make dep make bzImage make modules move new kernel make modules_install change lilo/grub config file reboot		cd /stand/build /usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -v -s system edit system file /usr/sbin/mk_kernel -s ./system mv /stand/system /stand/system.old mv /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.old mv /stand/build/system /stand mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix reboot	chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value> Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example memory segments are dynamically adjusted	build kernel
interprocess communication	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	ipcs -a	interprocess communication

Services

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display services	svcs -a svcs -l <service> svcs -vx inetadm -l	service --status-all	There is no services or chkconfig command use the old fashioned way /etc/init.d/<service>	There is no services or chkconfig command use the old fashioned way /sbin/init.d/<service>	lssrc -a	display services
start services	svcadm enable nfs	service nfs start			startsrc -s <subsystem> startsrc -g <group>	start services
stop services	svcadm disable nfs	service nfs stop			stopsrc -s <subsystem> stopsrc -g <group>	stop services
reload service	svcadm refresh nfs svcadm clear nfs (changes state)	service nfs reload			refresh -s <subsystem>	reload service
restart service	svcadm restart nfs	service nfs restart			stopsrc -s <subsystem> startsrc -s <subsystem>	restart service
service status	svcs nfs	service nfs staus			lssrc -a	service status
service dependencies	svcs -d network	n/a			n/a	service dependencies
service dependants	svcs -D network	n/a			n/a	service dependants
Service notifications	# change or add svccfg # verify or confirm svcprop
service logging, etc	/var/svc/log /var/svc/manifest /lib/svc/method /etc/svc/repository.db /system/volatile/svc_nonpersist.db	n/a			/var/adm/ras /etc/syslog.conf /etc/rc.tcpip	service logging, etc
change service startup	n/a	chkconfig --levels 2345 nfs on			n/a	change service startup
Add a new service	n/a	# Create your stop/start # script in /etc/init.d chkconfig --add <script>

Patching / Software

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display installed patches	showrev -p patchadd -p			swlist -l bundle swlist -l product swlist -l patch	instfix -ia	display installed patches
adding patch	patchadd patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches)	patch -p1 <patch> zcat patch46.gz | patch -p1 Note: -p = # of path stripping		swcopy (install patch into depot) swinstall (install patch from depot) Note: the swagentd daemon must be running	instfix -k	adding patch
removing patch	patchrm	patch -R -p1 <patch>		swremove	installp -r	removing patch
display installed packages	pkginfo (all packages) pkginfo -l (single package) pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs) # NEW IPS pkg list (all packages) pkg info (single package) pkg search (find packages and files)	rpm -qa (all packages) rpm -q (single package) rpm -qf (file belongs) rpm -qi <package> (very detailed)	dpkg -l dpkg -S <search string> (search) dpkg -S <filename> (file belongs) dpkg -s <package> (status) dpkg -p <package> (detailed)	swlist -l bundle <bundle> swlist -l product <product> ## check a package swlist -s <full_path/software>	lslpp -L all (all filesets) lslpp -L <package> (single fileset) lslpp -w <file> (file belongs) lslpp -ha (history of filesets) rpm -qa (all packages) rpm -q (single package) rpm -qf (file belongs) rpm -qi <package> (very detailed) oslevel -g (install packkages above os level) whereis <filename> which_fileset <filename>	display installed packages
adding package	pkgadd # NEW IPS pkg install pkg update	rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already) rpm -ihv (install)	dpkg -i <package>	swinstall swinstall -s <full_path/software>	installp -a installp -c (cleanup after failed install) rpm -i geninstall (generic installer: installp, RPM, etc)	adding package
removing packages	pkgrm # NEW IPS pkg uninstall <package>	rpm -e <package>	dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config files) dpkg -P <package> (remove config files)	swremove	installp -u (commited packages) installp -r (applied packages) rpm -e <package> geninstall -u <package>	removing packages
verify package	pkginfo -l pkginfo -p # NEW IPS pkg publisher pkg verify <package>	rpm -V <package>	n/a	swverity <fileset> (see /var/adm/sw/swagent.log)	lppchk -v rpm -V <package>	verify package
List files in package	pkgchk -l <package> | grep -i pathname # NEW IPS pkg contents <package>	rpm -ql <package>	dpkg -L <package> (list files)	swlist -l file <product>	lslpp -f <fileset> rpm -ql <package>	List files in package
Other package commands	# NEW IPS pkg history pkg purge-history pkg freeze pkg unfreeze pkg fix pkg refresh pkg publisher
Package directory	/var/sadm	/var/lib/rpm	/var/lib/dpkg/info	/var/adm/sw	/usr/lpp /var/lib/rpm	Package directory
List libraries required for binary program	ldd <file>	ldd <file>	ldd <file>	chatr <file>	ldd <file>	List libraries required for binary program

Accounts

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
display users	cat /etc/passwd logins -x [-p]	cat /etc/passwd system-config-users (GUI)	cat /etc/passwd	cat /etc/passwd logins -x	cat /etc/passwd lsuser -f ALL   (detailed)	display users
create a user	useradd # user defaults /usr/sadm/defadduser	useradd system-config-users (GUI)	useradd	useradd sam	mkuser useradd	create a user
remove a user	userdel	userdel system-config-users (GUI)	userdel	userdel sam	rmuser userdel	remove a user
modify a user	usermod	usermod system-config-users (GUI)	usermod	usermod sam	chuser -a usermod passwd -f passwd -s chfn <username> chfn <username><shell>	modify a user
change user password	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd	passwd pwdadm pwdck -t ALL	change user password
create a group	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	groupadd	mkgroup <group name>	create a group
remove a group	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	groupdel	rmgroup <group name>	remove a group
modify a goup	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	groupmod	chgroup <attribute><group name>	modify a goup
password files	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /etc/shadow	/etc/passwd /tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system)	/etc/security/passwd	password files
useful user commands	id -a whoami who w finger logins -p	id -a whoami who w finger	id -a whoami who w finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger	id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger # License information lslicense chlicense # Maximum number of processes for a user lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=<number>	useful user commands
useful group commands	groups setpgrp newgrp	groups	groups	groups setprivgrp	groups setgroups lsgroup ALL	useful group commands
Password Policy	/etc/security/policy.conf /etc/default/passwd	/etc/login.defs
Password Aging	passwd	chage -l <user> chage <options> <user>

NFS

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
NFS Daemons	server: mountd, nfsd client: statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd	server: rpc.mountd, nfsd client: rpc.statd, rpc.lockd	NFS Daemons
NFS files	/etc/dfs/dfstab /etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/rmtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab	/etc/exports /etc/xtab	NFS files
List nfs clients that have a remote mount	/etc/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/var/lib/nfs/rmtab	/etc/rmtab	/etc/xtab	List nfs clients that have a remote mount
display nfs shares	dfshares showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	showmount -e localhost	exportfs showmount -e localhost	display nfs shares
create nfs share	/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share) share <path> ## dfstab example share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart	redhat-config-nfs (GUI) /etc/exports (edit and add share) /sbin/service nfs reload ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example) exportfs -rav (export the shares) /etc/init.d/portmap restart /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) /etc/exports (edit and add share) exportfs -a	mknfsexp -d <directory> mknfsmnt shareall	create nfs share
uncreate nfs share	unshare <path> /etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share)	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) /sbin/service nfs reload	/etc/exports (edit and remove share) exportfs -rav (export the shares)	/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit) exportfs -au (unshare all) exportfs -u /home/vallep /etc/exports (edit and remove share)	rmnfsexp  -d <directory> (unshares and removes from file) exportfs -u <filesystem> unshareall	uncreate nfs share
start/change nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server start /etc/init.d/nfs.client start svcadm enable nfs/server svcadm disable nfs/server	/sbin/service nfs start	/etc/init.d/portmap start /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start	/sbin/init.d/nfs.core start /sbin/init.d/nfs.server start /sbin/init.d/nfs.client start	mknfs chnfs startsrc -s nfsd startsrc -s rpc.mountd	start/change nfs daemons
stop nfs daemons	/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop /etc/init.d/nfs.client stop	/sbin/service nfs stop	/etc/init.d/portmap stop /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop	/sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop /sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop /sbin/init.d/nfs.core stop	rmnfs stopsrc -s nfsd stopsrc -s rpc.mountd	stop nfs daemons
nfs status	ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons>	/sbin/service nfs status	/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status	ps -ef | grep <nfs daemons>	lssrc -a |grep -i nfs	nfs status
nfs reload	shareall	/sbin/service nfs reload	exportfs -rav (export the shares)	exportfs -a	exportfs -av	nfs reload
nfs performanace	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfsstat	nfs performanace
nfs Options	n/a	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	cat /var/lib/nfs/etab	n/a	nfso -a nfso -o <option>=<value> exportfs (display options)	nfs Options
solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)	## Make sure you use NFS version 3 mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount> <mountpoint>	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)

NTP

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Time daemons	xntpd	ntpd	ntpd	xntpd	xntpd	Time daemons
ntp setup	# Solaris 8 /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.server /etc/ntp.client /etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop] # Solaris 10 /etc/inet/ntp.server /etc/inet/ntp.client svcadm enable ntpd	/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers) dateconfig (GUI) chkconfig --list ntpd chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on /sbin/service ntpd start	/etc/default/ntp /etc/ntp.conf /etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart]	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons (set XNTPD to 1) /etc/ntp.conf	/etc/ntp.conf startsrc -s xntpd stopsrc -s xntpd lslpp -L all|grep xntpd	ntp setup
ntp daemon options	/lib/svc/method/xntp	/etc/sysconfig/ntpd	/etc/default/ntp	/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons	startsrc -s xntpd -a "-x" /etc/rc.tcpip	ntp daemon options
NTP Trace commands	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntptrace	ntpq -p ntpdate (set the date)	ntpq -p ntptrace ntpdate	NTP Trace commands

Log Files

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
messages	/var/adm/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/log/messages	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras	messages
syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/log/syslog	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log	/var/adm/ras	syslog
mail		/var/log/mail	/var/log/mail.*	/var/adm/syslog/mail.log	/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog	mail
cron	/var/cron/log	/var/log/cron	/var/log/cron.log	/var/adm/cron/log	/var/adm/cron/log	cron
boot	/var/adm/messages dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/log/boot dmesg	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log dmesg	/var/adm/ras alog -o -t boot alog -o -t console alog -L  (list all the logs available)	boot
Error logging	logger	logger	logger	logger	/usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes) /usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging) /usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging) # use with above errorlog file errpt (summary errorlog report) errpt -a (detailed errorlog report) errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report) errclear (clears errorlog) errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors) errlogger "message upto 230 chars"	Error logging

Security

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
Checking the passwd file	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwck	pwdck -t ALL usrck -t ALL	Checking the passwd file
checking the group file	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck	grpck	checking the group file
console login (allow/deny)	# Solaris 10 (no reboot) /etc/default/login # Solaris 11 (no reboot) /etc/default/login /etc/user_attr (see below) rolemod -K type=normal root	# No reboot required /etc/securetty	# No reboot required /etc/securetty	# No reboot required /etc/securetty Note: you may need to create this file if it does not exist	# No reboot required /etc/security/user chsec -f /etc/security/user -s root	console login (allow/deny)

Misc

	Solaris	Red Hat	Ubuntu/Debian	HP	AIX
startup	eeprom setenv boot-device	grub (GUI) lilo (text based)	grub (GUI)	setboot -p <primary path> setboot -a <alternate path> # autoboot sequnce setboot -b [on|off]	bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1	startup
shutdown	shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down) shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot) shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt) reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure) touch /reconfigure	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck) shutdown -F (force fsck)	shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -P (power off) touch /forcefsck # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes	shutdown -h now (halt) shutdown -r now(reboot)	shutdown -F (fast shutdown) shutdown -Fr (fast shutdown and reboot)	shutdown
Change run level	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit uadmin	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	halt init poweroff reboot shutdown telinit	init reboot shutdown	init shutdown reboot telinit halt	Change run level
init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6	0 - shutdown 1 - single user 2 - n/a 3 - Multi-user 4 - n/a 5 - power off 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (no networking) 3 - multiuser (networking) 4 - unused 5 - GUI 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab	0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (default) 3 - same as 2 4 - same as 2 5 - same as 2 6 - reboot # change default - change all the telinit vi /etc/event.d/rc-default	0 - halt 1 - single users 2 - multiuser (networking) 3 - multiuser (networking, NFS, and CDE GUI) (default) 4 - multiuser (netwrking, NFS, and VUE GUI) 5 - n/a 6 - n/a # change default - change the initdefault line vi /etc/inittab	0 - reserved 1 - reserved 2 - multiuser mode with NFS 3 - user defined 4 - user defined 5 - user defined 6 - user defined 7-9 - user defined # change default - change the initdefault line vi /etc/inittab	init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Startup options	boot <option> # Options -s single user -a interactive -x no device drivers (used in clustering) -r reconfigure devices -m milestone	single  - use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	single  - use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage	interact with IPL? Y # single user ISL> hpux -is # Logical volume maintanence mode ISL> hpux -lm # No quroum check ISL> hpux -lq	Based on 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker	Startup options
startup scripts	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d	/sbin/init.d /etc/rc.config.d (startup config files) /sbin/rc0.d - /sbin/rc6.d	/etc/rc.d /etc/rc.d/init.d /etc/rc.d/rc2.d - rc9.d /etc/rc.* (config files for auto-starting) also uses the System Resource Controller	startup scripts
boot prompt commands	boot printenv setenv banner devalias show-devs show-pci-devs-all probe-scsi-all probe-fcal-all probe-pci watch-net-all reset-all	F10 or F12	F10 or F12	interact with IPL? Y	Based on a 9114-275 workstation 1. switch off the machine 2. power on and enter the SMS menu Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1 after the word keyboard but before the word speaker	boot prompt commands
Boot process	Phases: Boot PROM: displays system information, run POST, load bootblk, locate ufsboot Boot Programs: bootblk loads and executes the ufsboot Kernel Initialization: ufsboot loads and executes the core kernel, initializes core kernel data structures, loads other kernel modules based on the/etc/system file, starts/sbin/init program init: starts other processes based on the /etc/inittab file	Boot sequence BIOS POST Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5 GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files GRUB (stage 2) – reads /etc/grub.conf and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files KERNEL - control given to the kernel INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script	Boot sequence BIOS POST Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5 GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files GRUB (stage 2) – reads /boot/grub/menu.lst and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files KERNEL - control given to the kernel INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script	Phases: PDC - processor-dependent code; executes and performs self-tests ISL - initial system loader; loads the secondary system loader hpux HPUX - is the secondary system loader and loads the kernel /stand/vmunix, then hands over to the kernel KERNEL - swapper processes are started by the kernel then starts the init process INIT - reads /etc/inittab	Phases: Read Only Storage (ROS): check the system board, perform POST, locate and load boot image, begin system initialization and execute phase 1 of the /etc/rc.boot script Base Device Configuration: start configuration manager to configue base devices System Boot: start init process phase 2, switch to hard-disk root filesystem, start other processes defined by /etc/inittab and execute phase 3 of the /etc/rc.boot script	Boot process
Boot Environments (BE)	bootadm list-archive bootadm update-archive bootadm list-menu bootadm set-menu <option> beadm create beadm rename beadm activate beadm list beadm destroy
determine the run level	who -r	runlevel who -r	runlevel who -r	who -r	who -r	determine the run level
obtain default run level	cat /etc/inittab	cat /etc/inittab	/etc/event.d/rc-default	/etc/inittab	/etc/inittab	obtain default run level
list locale	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	locale -a	list locale
start xwindows	n/a	startx (shorthand of below) initx (lots of parms)		n/a	n/a	start xwindows
initialize system	sys-unconfig			set_parms [initial|hostname|ip_address|timezone] Note: set_parms is in /sbin	install_assist	initialize system
Timezone	/etc/TIMEZONE /etc/default/init	/etc/sysconfig/clock /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/timezone /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab	/etc/TIMEZONE	/etc/environment /etc/profile	Timezone